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★ Code & Code-Breaking

The breaking of the German Navy’s enigma code.  ibid.

 

On Computable Numbers, With An Application To The Entscheidungs-problem by A M Turing.  Received 28 May 1936 – Read 12 November 1936.  ibid.

 

Turing came to an astonishing conclusion: that any conceivable mathematical calculation can be done by a single device shuffling ones and zeros back and forth.  ibid.

 

This was the moment the digital age began.  ibid.

 

The vision of the machine with a brain began to obsess Turing.  ibid.

 

Mind A Quarterly Review Of Psychology And Philosophy 1) Computer Machinery And Intelligence by A M Turing ... I propose to consider the question, Can machines think?  ibid.

 

Artificial intelligence was a staggering intellectual leap.  ibid.

 

His 1950 paper established Turing as the twentieth century’s visionary of the new computer world.  ibid.

 

He’d aimed his code-breaking genius at a profound mystery: the mathematical foundations of the living world – the code of Nature itself: The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis by A M Turing FRS University of Manchester (Received 9 November 1951 – Revised 15 March 1952)  ibid.

 

Turing showed that chemicals following incredibly simple mathematical rules can spontaneously create these patterns in Nature.  ibid.

 

He noticed his brain was being affected too.  ibid.

 

Turing’s body and mind had been effectively neutered.  ibid.

 

Alan Turing’s body was found on 7th June 1954 by his housekeeper: he was 41.  ibid.

 

In September 2009 the British Government apologised for the way Alan Turing was treated: ‘We’re sorry.  You deserved so much better’.  ibid. 

 

 

It has been described as the most mysterious document in the world.  240 pages of strange writing and bizarre illustrations.  It has baffled and intrigued the worlds best code-breakers.  Ancient X Files: Sodom & Gomorrah & Voynich Manuscript, National Geographic 2012

 

The book was discovered in a Jesuit college in 1912 by a Polish book dealer called Wilfrid Voynich but it was written many centuries before.  ibid.

 

Designs in the manuscript seem to echo actual Renaissance glass-work.  ibid.

 

Many of the worlds leading cryptographers have attempted to crack this bizarre fifteenth-century cipher.  ibid.

 

During the fifteenth century Milan was a powerful city-state often at war with its neighbour Venice.  The city was ruled by the powerful Sforza dynasty.  The same Sforzas who ... used a coding system similar to the one found in the Voynich.  ibid.  

 

 

Ancient stone markers, mysterious symbols, hints of the Loch Ness Monster, a code that may reveal the secrets of an ancient people.  Ancient X Files: Great Flood & Scottish Stone Mystery

 

Scattered around Scotland are 350 standing stones.  ibid.

 

 

This investigation begins in 15th century Rome ... Is it true that the darling of the Italian art scene tricked cardinals and popes into publicly displaying forbidden symbols of a lost and condemned faith?  The answers may lie in codes hidden inside his most famous art works.  Biblical Conspiracies, Discovery 2015

  

 

Isaac Newton has an even more surprising interest: he is obsessed with secret codes and prophecy in the Bible.  Mystery Files: Isaac Newton, National Geographic 2011

 

 

Dwight: Stop it!

 

Jim: Stop what?

 

Dwight: You’re talking about me in Morse code.  Well, you know what?  Jokes on you ’cause I know Morse code.  Ha!

 

Jim: Yeah, that’s what we're doing.  In our very limited free time and with our very limited budget, we went and got a nanny and then we went out and took a class on a very outmoded and very unnecessary form of communication just so we could talk about you in front of you.  [cut to Jim and Pam interview]

 

Jim: Yup.  That’s exactly what we did.  The Office US: The Cover-Up s6e24, Michael, NBC 2009

 

 

This is Gordon Welchman, a World War II code-breaking hero.  Without him, the top-secret German enigma codes might never have been broken.  Bletchley Park: Code-Breaking's Forgotten Genius, BBC 2015

 

Bletchley Park at last found a way to read Enigma traffic.  The intelligence it produced was codenamed Ultra.  ibid.

 

They used traffic analysis to select and target particular German networks and operators.  ibid.  

 

A simple electrical circuit that dramatically improved the chances of finding the correct rotor setting – it was called the Diagonal Ball.  ibid.

 

Welchman was given the highest [US] security clearance.  It meant becoming a US citizen ... The vital task of ensuring US military communications were capable of withstanding attack.  ibid.    

 

 

In 1943 America was at war.  At Arlington Hall outside Washington DC Army codebreakers were trying to penetrate enemy communications.  Secrets, Lies and Atomic Spies, PBS 2013

 

 

On 29th May 1916 Room 40 was able to advice the chief of war staff … that the German high seas fleet was about to put to sea … The British now had a huge opportunity to destroy the German fleet once and for all because of the code-breakers’ skill.  Breaking the Codes, Movies4men 2016

 

 

[Jean-Francois] Champollion as an adult had already worked out a brilliant decipherment of the hieroglyphics.  Professor Carl Sagan & Ann Druyan, Cosmos: Encyclopedia Galactica, PBS 1980

 

 

Bill Tutte had achieved the seemingly impossible: he’d done it by applying the principles of logic enshrined in the Scientific Method.  Brian Cox, Science Britannica II: Method and Madness, BBC 2013

 

 

As tensions mounted in the Pacific the importance of breaking the enigmatic cipher became all the more pressing.  Secrets of War s1e3: Breaking the Japanese Code, History 1998

 

William Friedman: The Index of Coincidence and its Applications in Cryptography.  ibid.

 

Elizabeth Friedman became not only the Treasury Department’s primary cryptologist but also the government’s star witness in a number of high-profile smuggling cases.  ibid.

 

The American codebreakers called it [Japanese machine] simply Purple.  ibid.

 

In January of ’42 they finally succeeded in breaking the Japanese naval code JM25.  ibid.  

 

 

That weapon was the intelligence he gathered through various means but the British too had covert means.  In Bletchley Park outside of London a secret army of cryptographers worked on breaking the German Enigma.  Secrets of War s2e5: Rommel’s Enigma

 

 

At sea, radio was even more indispensable … The secret weapon of the blitzkrieg  the lightning war  would be war; it was also its secret weakness.  Secrets of War s2e7: The Ultra Enigma

 

The power of the Enigma was in the vast number of crypto-variables.  ibid.  

 

Bletchley was learning to combine signals intelligence with traffic analysis.  ibid.  

 

The Bletchley Group created the world’s first electronic computer.  ibid.

 

 

During the Cold War Britain and America had continued what they had begun here [Bletchley Park]: decrypting the encoded communications of their enemies as well as their friends.  Document: The Crypto Agreement, BBC Radio 4 2015

 

 

For billions of people the Bible is the most important book ever written.  But what if there’s more to its message than the written word?  What if there’s a code hidden deep within the Bible’s text?  The God Code, History 2018  

 

What if there’s a code underlying everything, a mysterious master-code that knows all that’s ever been and all that is yet to come?  ibid.

 

 

Codes and cyphers have been used to protect secrets from ancient times to modern day.  Breaking these codes and cyphers is essential spycraft for successful espionage.  Spycraft VII: The Code Breakers, Netflix 2021      

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