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Black Hole
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★ Black Hole

Let me describe briefly how a black hole might be created.  Imagine a star with a mass 10 times that of the sun.  During most of its lifetime of about a billion years the star will generate heat at its center by converting hydrogen into helium.  The energy released will create sufficient pressure to support the star against its own gravity, giving rise to an object with a radius about five times the radius of the sun.  The escape velocity from the surface of such a star would be about 1,000 kilometers per second.  That is to say, an object fired vertically upward from the surface of the star with a velocity of less than 1,000 kilometers per second would be dragged back by the gravitational field of the star and would return to the surface, whereas an object with a velocity greater than that would escape to infinity.

 

When the star had exhausted its nuclear fuel, there would be nothing to maintain the outward pressure, and the star would begin to collapse because of its own gravity.  As the star shrank, the gravitational field at the surface would become stronger and the escape velocity would increase.  By the time the radius had got down to 10 kilometers the escape velocity would have increased to 100,000 kilometers per second, the velocity of light.  After that time any light emitted from the star would not be able to escape to infinity but would be dragged back by the gravitational field.  According to the special theory of relativity nothing can travel faster than light, so that if light cannot escape, nothing else can either.  The result would be a black hole: a region of space-time from which it is not possible to escape to infinity.  ibid.  

 

 

I used to think information was destroyed in black hole.  This was my biggest blunder, or at least my biggest blunder in science.  Stephen Hawking

 

 

It is no good getting furious if you get stuck.  What I do is keep thinking about the problem but work on something else.  Sometimes it is years before I see the way forward.  In the case of information loss and black holes, it was 29 years.  Stephen Hawking

 

 

In a paper posted on the arXiv pre-print server on Wednesday, physicist Stephen Hawking dashed the dreams of science fiction aficionados by declaring that black holes don’t exist.

 

Stephen Hawking claims that two of the properties most often identified with black holes – the singularity and the event horizon – don’t exist, at least not in the way that was previously thought.  Therefore, black holes themselves can’t exist.  At the moment, he hasn’t offered up a new name for the objects that look and act like the objects previously referred to as ‘black holes’.

 

In Information preservation and weather forecasting for black holes Hawking argues that there is no event horizon, nor is there a singularity siphoning in all matter, light and information and destroying it.  He claims that information about this material – which is communicated through ‘Hawking radiation’ – would not be destroyed, merely reconfigured to such an extent that it would be impossible to reconstruct what the objects that fell into the hole originally were.  The Raw Story online article 24th January 2014 Scot Kaufman 

 

 

Stephen [Hawking] began to talk about black holes and told us a story which seemed so crazy and strange it seemed absolutely wildly impossible.  Black holes would violate all the principles of physics that we knew.  I just knew or felt deep in my gut that Steven had to be wrong.  Professor Lenny Susskind, Stanford University

 

 

The insight to what became known as the Holographic principle simply happened one day when I was walking in the Physics department and came upon a hologram.  Well when I saw the hologram it occurred to me that there is a very big difference between a hologram and an ordinary picture ... I said jokingly maybe the Horizon of a black hole is something like a hologram.  The stuff that falls into a black hole is three-dimensional; the stuff of the Horizon is two-dimensional.  But maybe in some way the stuff of the Horizon is a hologram capturing the full three-dimensionality of the things that fall into the black hole.  Lenny Susskind  

 

 

Every time a bit of information is erased, we know it doesn’t disappear.  It goes out into the environment.  It may be horribly scrambled and confused, but it never really gets lost.  It’s just converted into a different form.  Lenny Susskind

 

 

There is a philosophy that says that if something is unobservable – unobservable in principle – it is not part of science.  If there is no way to falsify or confirm a hypothesis, it belongs to the realm of metaphysical speculation, together with astrology and spiritualism.  By that standard, most of the universe has no scientific reality – it’s just a figment of our imaginations.  Lenny Susskind, The Black Hole War

 

 

We use the word singularity to hide our ignorance.  We don’t know what the singularity is.  Professor Michio Kaku  

 

 

A singularity is a point of infinite gravity – where space and time become meaningless.  But that is ridiculous.  A singularity is basically a word for saying I don’t know.  It’s a word for saying I’m clueless.  Michio Kaku, interview How the Universe Works

 

This is still very speculative, but the mathematics seem to indicate that as you fall through a black hole that you don’t simply die, you fall right through a wormhole, which is a gateway, a shortcut through space and time.  ibid.

 

As a black hole collapses and matter falls into it perhaps the matter is blown out the other side in a white hole.  Doesn’t that sound like the Big Bang?  ibid.

 

If you look at the equations for a black hole, and put in the parameters of the universe – the mass of the universe, the size of the universe – bingo!  You find that our universe actually solves the equations for a black hole.  In other words we could be inside an event horizon.  Perhaps we are actually living inside a black hole.  ibid.

 

 

It’s recently been discovered that most black holes spin.  So the black hole collapses not to a single point but to a ring.  All the terrifying forces are pushed to the outside.  The centre is a far calmer place than we had imagined.  Just like the eye of the hurricane.  Michio Kaku, Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible s1e6: How to Travel Through Time, 2009

 

Wormholes are formed at the centre of a black hole.  They warp the fabric of Space/Time to create a tunnel connecting distant points.  They might be ideal for time travel as they would offer a shortcut through Space and Time.  ibid.

 

 

The deadliest most destructive force in the entire universe: I’ll probe the heart of our galaxy.  Michio Kaku, Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible s2e8: Black Hole Odyssey

 

Some now believe that at heart of a black-hole lies a tunnel through space/time: a wormhole.  ibid.      

 

Big Black Holes are safer than small ones.  ibid.

 

 

We once thought that black holes like unicorns could never be found.  We now believe that there are perhaps billions of black holes in the night sky.  Machio Kaku

 

 

The deepest question in all of black hole physics is what lies on the other side of the black hole?  What happens if you throw the encyclopaedia into a black hole – is all that information lost?  We don’t know for sure.  Michio Kaku

 

 

If you want to see a black hole tonight, tonight just look in the direction of Sagittarius, the constellation.  That’s the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and there’s a raging black hole at the very center of that constellation that holds the galaxy together.  Michio Kaku

 

 

My main interest is the problem of the singularity.  If we can’t understand what happened at the singularity we came out of, then we don't seem to have any understanding of the laws of particle physics.  I’d be very happy just to understand the last singularity and leave the other ones to future generations.  Neil Turok

 

 

We think it’s a region in which a great deal of mass has been compressed down to a very small size.  The gravitational field is so strong that nobody, not even light can escape.  So black holes cannot shine.  Professor Sandra Faber

 

 

It’s clear that the universe is full of powerful black holes.  The densities are so great that the laws of physics break down as we know them.  Professor Lawrence Krauss  

 

 

We just don’t know what happens at the centre of a black hole.  Professor Lawrence Krauss

 

 

The cores of these massive stars implode – actually implode – in less than a second from something about the size of the Earth down to something thats probably the size of a small city.  And they dont stop there.  They continue imploding all the way down to a point.  Professor Douglas Leonard, San Diego State University

 

 

The super-massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy is small compared to the supermassive black holes that we know about.  Professor Ramesh Narayan, Harvard University

 

 

Roughly, these [supermassive] black holes seem to be a thousand times less massive than the galaxy in which it lives.  Professor Ramesh Narayan

 

 

Black holes consume entire galaxies, and eat away at them very slowly.  Dr John Hutchison, physicist & theorician

 

 

All indicators in the Bermuda Triangle seem to point to a black hole.  Dr John Hutchison

 

 

In the early 1980s there was a common misunderstanding that you might be able to travel from one place to the other in the galaxy without covering the intervening distance by plunging into a black hole.  But there was something about the whole idea that made me nervous.  And it was for that reason that I contacted Kip Thorne.  Professor Carl Sagan, Cornell University, interview Horizon: The Time Lords, BBC 1996

 

 

You can’t go into a black hole and come out somewhere else.  The fundamental laws of physics forbid it.  Professor Kip Thorne, California Institute of Technology, interview ibid.

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